A few years ago, this non-permissionless architecture design would often have faced severe scrutiny from the entire industry regarding its "legitimacy." But the market landscape has changed, and Paradigm has still mobilized massive amounts of capital and resources to push Tempo onto the testnet. But this is not just another L1 pipeline narrative. When you dissect Tempo's underlying logic, you'll find that while it retains the shell of Ethereum, its core is a dimensional reduction and reconstruction of the existing Crypto paradigm. It represents Silicon Valley elites' attempt to revise the utopian concept of the "world computer" and shift towards extreme engineering pragmatism. What exactly changed with Tempo? Rather than a technological iteration, it's more accurate to say that it represents a fundamental divergence in business model and protocol philosophy. Execution layer: EVM is merely its "interface standard". Tempo's strategy is highly strategic. It is essentially a heavily customized version of the (newly launched Fusaka) EVM + Reth SDK. For developers, it is fully compatible with toolchains such as Solidity, Foundry, and Hardhat, and looks like a standard Ethereum-compatible chain; but for protocol designers, it is a completely new species that uses the Reth SDK to reconstruct consensus, block structure, and system contracts. This means that Tempo reused Ethereum's vast developer ecosystem (EVM) at a low cost, but completely abandoned Ethereum's historical baggage at the underlying level. It borrowed Ethereum's "universal language" to tell its own completely different "story". Asset Model: From "Monetary Protocols" to "Cloud Service Architecture" This is Tempo's most radical and disruptive aspect: it "abstracts" the concept of the native token (ETH) at the protocol level. In the Ethereum universe, ETH is not only currency but also the cornerstone of the protocol's security. However, in Tempo, eth_getBalance is hardcoded as a constant, rendering the related opcode invalid. There are no native volatile assets used as gas; only TIP-20 stablecoins are available. Ethereum model: Blockspace is a scarce resource, and users need to hold native tokens to participate in the auction (Gas War). Tempo mode: Blockspace is a standardized service, and Gas is the dollar cost settled through the Fee AMM. Tempo essentially transforms L1 from a "digital oil economy" into a cloud service model similar to AWS. Users do not need to hold volatile assets to pay for computing costs, but only stablecoins. This is a modification of the "Fat Protocol" theory, but it is a hurdle that must be overcome to achieve large-scale payments. Transaction Structure: Shifting "Middleware" to "Infrastructure" Ethereum's current account abstraction (AA) scheme is more about stacking complex middleware on top of the protocol using standards such as ERC-4337 and 7702. After reviewing these architectures, Tempo chose to incorporate them directly into the genesis consensus. Tempo Transactions are no longer limited to the traditional EOA model; they natively support it at the protocol level. Native multisignature and device key: Directly supports P-256 (such as FaceID) signatures without the need for smart contract wallets. Atomic Sponsor: The payer, signer, and executor can be separated at the underlying data structure level. Concurrency and Scheduling: Supports multiple sets of Nonces to be submitted in parallel, and even includes time window logic. The Web2-level experience that requires coordination among multiple parties, including contracts, Bundler, and Paymaster, on Ethereum has become the factory default setting for the protocol layer in Tempo. Block Space: From "General-Purpose Computing" to "Dedicated Settlement" Ethereum's design philosophy leans towards "universality," with DeFi arbitrage trading and NFT Mint sharing the same Gas Limit pool. Tempo clearly sees this as a compromise on efficiency for payment networks. It introduces Simplex BFT and implements strict resource isolation in the block structure: Blockspace layering: general_gas and shared_gas are logically isolated and do not interfere with each other. System-level priority: Key system transactions such as stablecoin DEX, reward distribution, and Fee Manager have reserved space and absolute priority in the block. Tempo is not trying to build another "general-purpose world computer," but rather a high-performance, dedicated settlement network. It sacrifices some generality in exchange for the determinism and high throughput necessary for a "payment network." Summarize Understanding Tempo will help you grasp Paradigm's vision for future infrastructure. If you're still debating whether it's "decentralized" enough, you may have strayed from its core narrative. Tempo has no intention of becoming the next Ethereum. It disassembles Ethereum, retains the core EVM engine, replaces it with a Web2-level underlying architecture, and sends a clear signal to the market: We need to end ideological debates and build a truly efficient settlement layer capable of supporting 1 billion users.A few years ago, this non-permissionless architecture design would often have faced severe scrutiny from the entire industry regarding its "legitimacy." But the market landscape has changed, and Paradigm has still mobilized massive amounts of capital and resources to push Tempo onto the testnet. But this is not just another L1 pipeline narrative. When you dissect Tempo's underlying logic, you'll find that while it retains the shell of Ethereum, its core is a dimensional reduction and reconstruction of the existing Crypto paradigm. It represents Silicon Valley elites' attempt to revise the utopian concept of the "world computer" and shift towards extreme engineering pragmatism. What exactly changed with Tempo? Rather than a technological iteration, it's more accurate to say that it represents a fundamental divergence in business model and protocol philosophy. Execution layer: EVM is merely its "interface standard". Tempo's strategy is highly strategic. It is essentially a heavily customized version of the (newly launched Fusaka) EVM + Reth SDK. For developers, it is fully compatible with toolchains such as Solidity, Foundry, and Hardhat, and looks like a standard Ethereum-compatible chain; but for protocol designers, it is a completely new species that uses the Reth SDK to reconstruct consensus, block structure, and system contracts. This means that Tempo reused Ethereum's vast developer ecosystem (EVM) at a low cost, but completely abandoned Ethereum's historical baggage at the underlying level. It borrowed Ethereum's "universal language" to tell its own completely different "story". Asset Model: From "Monetary Protocols" to "Cloud Service Architecture" This is Tempo's most radical and disruptive aspect: it "abstracts" the concept of the native token (ETH) at the protocol level. In the Ethereum universe, ETH is not only currency but also the cornerstone of the protocol's security. However, in Tempo, eth_getBalance is hardcoded as a constant, rendering the related opcode invalid. There are no native volatile assets used as gas; only TIP-20 stablecoins are available. Ethereum model: Blockspace is a scarce resource, and users need to hold native tokens to participate in the auction (Gas War). Tempo mode: Blockspace is a standardized service, and Gas is the dollar cost settled through the Fee AMM. Tempo essentially transforms L1 from a "digital oil economy" into a cloud service model similar to AWS. Users do not need to hold volatile assets to pay for computing costs, but only stablecoins. This is a modification of the "Fat Protocol" theory, but it is a hurdle that must be overcome to achieve large-scale payments. Transaction Structure: Shifting "Middleware" to "Infrastructure" Ethereum's current account abstraction (AA) scheme is more about stacking complex middleware on top of the protocol using standards such as ERC-4337 and 7702. After reviewing these architectures, Tempo chose to incorporate them directly into the genesis consensus. Tempo Transactions are no longer limited to the traditional EOA model; they natively support it at the protocol level. Native multisignature and device key: Directly supports P-256 (such as FaceID) signatures without the need for smart contract wallets. Atomic Sponsor: The payer, signer, and executor can be separated at the underlying data structure level. Concurrency and Scheduling: Supports multiple sets of Nonces to be submitted in parallel, and even includes time window logic. The Web2-level experience that requires coordination among multiple parties, including contracts, Bundler, and Paymaster, on Ethereum has become the factory default setting for the protocol layer in Tempo. Block Space: From "General-Purpose Computing" to "Dedicated Settlement" Ethereum's design philosophy leans towards "universality," with DeFi arbitrage trading and NFT Mint sharing the same Gas Limit pool. Tempo clearly sees this as a compromise on efficiency for payment networks. It introduces Simplex BFT and implements strict resource isolation in the block structure: Blockspace layering: general_gas and shared_gas are logically isolated and do not interfere with each other. System-level priority: Key system transactions such as stablecoin DEX, reward distribution, and Fee Manager have reserved space and absolute priority in the block. Tempo is not trying to build another "general-purpose world computer," but rather a high-performance, dedicated settlement network. It sacrifices some generality in exchange for the determinism and high throughput necessary for a "payment network." Summarize Understanding Tempo will help you grasp Paradigm's vision for future infrastructure. If you're still debating whether it's "decentralized" enough, you may have strayed from its core narrative. Tempo has no intention of becoming the next Ethereum. It disassembles Ethereum, retains the core EVM engine, replaces it with a Web2-level underlying architecture, and sends a clear signal to the market: We need to end ideological debates and build a truly efficient settlement layer capable of supporting 1 billion users.